The expansion of Spain's territory took place under the Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, whose marriage marked the beginning of Spanish power beyond the Iberian peninsula. Horses that escaped Spanish control were captured by indigenous; many indigenous also raided for horses. Bartolom de Las Casas was a prolific writer. Many institutions established in Castile found expression in The Indies from the early colonial period. Large deposits were found in a single mountain in the viceroyalty of Peru, the Cerro Rico, in what is now Bolivia, and in several places outside of the dense indigenous zone of settlement in northern Mexico, Zacatecas and Guanajuato. In the face of the impossibility of the Castilian institutions to take care of the New World affairs, other new institutions were created. [166], For the independence era, the 2016 Bolivian-made film made about Mestiza independence leader Juana Azurduy de Padilla is part of the recent recognition of her role in the independence of Argentina and Bolivia.[167]. The individual leaders of expeditions assumed the expenses of the venture and in return received as reward the grant from the government of the conquered territories;[69] and in addition, they received instructions about treating the indigenous peoples. The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. 1875. A checkerboard pattern radiated outward. Cacao beans for chocolate emerged as an export product as Europeans developed a taste for sweetened chocolate. They founded the towns of Coro and Maracaibo. Why can't they treat the native people with respect? The crown established control over trade and emigration to the Indies with the 1503 establishment the Casa de Contratacin (House of Trade) in Seville. The population of the Native American population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90% (reduced to 12.5 million people) by the early 17th century. According to the French historian Jean Dumont The Valladolid debate was a major turning point in world history In that moment in Spain appeared the dawn of the human rights. Direct link to Batuhan #BringBackBackgrounds's post The monarchy took most of, Posted 2 years ago. "Nicols de Ovando" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGngora1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLagos_Carmona1985 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFHistoria_general_de_Espaa1992 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (. [70], After the end of the period of conquests, it was necessary to manage extensive and different territories with a strong bureaucracy. Spaniards waged a fifty-year war (ca. Spanish conquerors took advantage of indigenous rivalries to forge alliances with groups seeing an advantage for their own goals. Audiencias were a significant base of power and influence for American-born elites, starting in the late sixteenth century, with nearly a quarter of appointees being born in the Indies by 1687. The Chichimeca in northern Mexico, the Comanche in the northern Great Plains and the Mapuche in southern Chile and the pampas of Argentina resisted Spanish conquest.