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They were unrelated to one another and genetically diverse, apparently coming from various areas and groups in India. [14], The Bactria-Margiana Culture, also called "Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex" (BMAC), was a non-Indo-European culture which influenced the Indo-European groups of the second stage of the Indo-European migrations. Roopkund A had ancestry typical of South Asians. [287] As a result of a modern diaspora, there are also Albanian speakers elsewhere in those countries and in other parts of the world, including Scandinavia, Switzerland, Germany, Austria and Hungary, United Kingdom, Turkey, Australia, New Zealand, Netherlands, Singapore, Brazil, Canada, and the United States. Archaeologist Marija Gimbutas first proposed the Ukrainian origin, known as the kurgan hypothesis, in the 1950s. [20] The Kurgan archaeological culture or cultural horizon comprises the various cultures of the PonticCaspian steppe in the Copper Age to Early Bronze Age (5th to 3rd millennia BC), identified by similar artifacts and structures, but subject to inevitable imprecision and uncertainty. And in the most brutal situations, it will flow in the direction of people who survived., This article was originally published with the title "Mother Tongue" in Scientific American 318, 3, 12-14 (March 2018). We are mapping genetic groups to archeological cultures, Sedig, who has a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Colorado, explained. [342] They are last mentioned in 938 when a Wusun chieftain paid tribute to the Liao dynasty. New Evidence Fuels Debate over the Origin of Modern Languages ", "[] our results level the playing field between the two leading hypotheses [the Steppe hypotheses and the Anatolian hypothesis] of Indo-European origins, as we now know that both the Early Neolithic and the Late Neolithic were associated with major migrations. O Pritsak; 1981; pp 14, 2728. ", Mallory: "The Kurgan solution is attractive and has been accepted by many archaeologists and linguists, in part or total. [190] Although closely related to the Tripolye culture, it is contemporary with the Yamnaya culture, and resembles it in significant ways. Archaeology traces the spread of artifacts, habitations, and burial sites presumed to be created by speakers of Proto-Indo-European in several stages: from the hypothesized locations of the Proto-Indo-European homeland, into their later locations of Western Europe, Central, South and Eastern Asia. The water is frozen most of the year, so the skeletons and artifacts visible on the lake bed have been kept safe from looters and souvenir hunters. [51] These migrants had an attractive social system and good weapons, and luxury goods which marked their status and power. (2015) showed that ~75% of the ancestry of Corded Ware-related people came from Yamna-related populations,[8] while Allentoft et al. Indo-European Origins, Part II: The Nordic, Kurgan, and Anatolian [323] In the Volga basin, interaction with the Srubna culture was the most intense and prolonged, and Federovo style pottery is found as far west as Volgograd. The lone person of Southeast Asian ancestry in Roopkund C died around the same time. According to Anthony, Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic (related by Anthony to the Danube valley), and Pre-Germanic and Balto-Slavic (related by Anthony to the east-Carpathian contact zone) may have split off here from Proto-Indo-European.