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Dominance behavior occurs in thousands of taxonomic groups ranging from fish and reptiles to birds and mammals. As such, an evolutionary account does not necessarily expect animals, humans, or states to act as offensive realists all the time and in all situations. He expands on Waltz's idea of structure causing behaviour . Hierarchies may be weak or strong, and alpha males may sire nearly all offspring or just more than others. Table4. Others are even older, such as the limbic system, hormones, and sexual dimorphism, which are shared by countless species extending across all mammals and beyond. Anarchy allows Waltz to argue that states must behave much the way Morgenthau expected, but for different reasons. 6,No. Similar patterns are evident in nature. For example, a group seeking a fixed source of water may be unable to trade for it if the group lacks adequate resources to offer in exchange. Feature Flags: { We recognize that a challenge to the theory of offensive realism is the empirical mix of cooperation and conflict in the real world. It is important to appreciate, however, that some influences on human evolution have extended over a much longer timescale. Mearsheimer does use his theory to predict the future of great power Will a male from the outgroup present competition for mates, or will his presence threaten the ingroup males position in the extended family or group? In fact, he was highly critical of the Iraq War (200311) and what he saw as an attempt by the United States to police the world. John Mearsheimer's Theory Of Offensive Realism - Bartleby Evolutionary theory makes three major contributions to the offensive realist theory of international politics: (1) a novel ultimate cause of the primary traits of offensive realist behavior (self-help, power maximization, and fear); (2) an extension of offensive realism to any domain in which human actors compete for power (e.g., civil war, ethnic conflict, or domestic politics); and (3) an explanation for why individual leaders themselves, not just states, behave as they do. Evolutionary theory accounts for egoism and explains why cooperation can extend to the family or close kin group but remains difficult between unrelated individuals. He argues, like Waltz, that the anarchic international system is responsible for much troublesuspicion, fear, security competition, and great power warsin international politics. To the extent that cultural group selection extends back into our evolutionary past, cultural traits have not been consistently or powerfully contrary to the evolved traits of egoism, dominance, and ingroup/outgroup bias. Cooperation is extremely hard to achieve and requires special conditions. Waltzs core concept in Theory of International Politics is the anarchy that reigns in world politics. Of course, humans are not the same as chimpanzees, although we are close relatives and share a common ancestor around 5 million to 6 million years ago. A comparison among alternative realist theories. PDF | Previous research has found emotion interpretation biases in individuals with social anxiety (SA) when emotions are ambiguous. Instead, the best strategy is a constant effort to maximize power to stay ahead of rivals. We are positively biased toward our own groups and negatively biased toward other groups. Combining the previous two considerations (leaders and sex) raises another problem: If leaders are especially egoistic and domineering, and if sex is a primary cause, does this not mean that we predict state leaders will undertake actions (consciously or subconsciously) that serve to maximize their own personal reproductive opportunitiesperhaps at the expense of state interests?