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trust is more desirable than mistrust and integrity is more desirable than despair). 12.2 Anxiety and Dissociative Disorders: Fearing the World Around Us, 12.4 Schizophrenia: The Edge of Reality and Consciousness, 12.6 Somatoform, Factitious, and Sexual Disorders, 13.1 Reducing Disorder by Confronting It: Psychotherapy, 13.2 Reducing Disorder Biologically: Drug and Brain Therapy, 13.3 Reducing Disorder by Changing the Social Situation. The other side of sadness: What the new science of bereavement tells us about life after a loss. In one important study concerning the role of expectations on memory, Becca Levy and Ellen Langer (1994) found that, although young American and Chinese students performed equally well on cognitive tasks, older Americans performed significantly more poorly on those tasks than did their Chinese counterparts. Because institutionalizedhomophobiaas well as culturaldiscriminationandharassmentstill exist, they are less likely to access health care, housing, or social services or when they do, find the experience stressful or demeaning. New York, NY: Basic Books. Men are also more likely to remarry than women.[9]. Please confirm that you are not located inside the Russian Federation. Psychological Factors Influencing Adjustment to Retirement, Ageing and Disability: Transitions into Residential Care, Cohousing Communities Help Prevent Social Isolation. They may have more difficulty financially if their husbands have handled all the finances in the past. Figure 7. Primary aging refers to the inevitable changes associated with aging (Busse, 1969). New opportunities exist for older adults to serve asvirtual volunteersby dialoguing online with others from around their world and sharing their support, interests, and expertise. Twelve percent of older men and 15% percent of older women have beendivorced and about 6percent of older adults have never married. While not completely discounting the importance of exercise and social activity for the upkeep of physical health and personal well being, disengagement theory is opposed to artificially keeping the older person so busy with external activities that they have no time for contemplation and reflection (Cumming & Henry, 1961).