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Typically, this was long hours of hard physical labour, though this varied across different camps. During the German occupation of Poland (1939-1945) the legally operating center of Polish authorities was the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile situated in London, who neither made decisions concerning the establishing of those concentration camps nor participated in any manner in their administration. The largest mass murder installations in occupied Europe in the form of gas chambers were created in Birkenau, where the Nazis murdered most of the Jewish deportees. During the camps construction, nearby factories were appropriated and all those living in the area were forcibly ejected from their homes, which were bulldozed by the Nazis. Rees, Laurence. Murder of the Jews in direct extermination centers. Auschwitz summary | Britannica Camps could be run by local collaborators in the countries that they were based, such as Drancy, near Paris in France, which was run by the French Police until 1943. Sonderkommandos | Holocaust Encyclopedia Subcamps whose prisoners were deployed at industrial and armaments production or in extractive industries (e.g., coal mining, quarry work) were administratively subordinate to Auschwitz-Monowitz. Those Jews who were not sent directly to gas chambers were selected for forced labor. In just over four-and-a-half years, Nazi Germany systematically murdered at least 1.1 million people at Auschwitz. After March 1938, when Germany annexed Austria in an event known as Later a larger, permanent gas chamber was constructed as part of the original crematorium in a separate building outside the prisoner compound. The transport consisted of some 30 German inmates, categorized as "professional criminals." In total almost 50 sub-camps of Auschwitz were established between 1942-1945. Shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, the German Nazis started removing Jews and Roma from Germany through deportations to occupied Poland. This division of administrative responsibility was formalized after November 1943. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. The rail journey lasted for days. Tens of thousands of prisoners, mostly Jews, were forced to march either northwest for 55 kilometers (approximately 30 miles) to Gliwice (Gleiwitz) or due west for 63 kilometers (approximately 35 miles) to Wodzislaw (Loslau) in the western part of Upper Silesia. Due to these two roles and the predominant number of Jews and Poles in the general number of victims of the camp its history may be divided into two periods: 1940 mid 1942, when most of those deported and killed there were Poles.